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Producing scientific evidence with social impact
NetLab UFRJ is an internet and social media research laboratory dedicated to diagnosing the phenomenon of digital disinformation and its social consequences in Brazil.


O preço dos anúncios eleitorais na Meta nas eleições de 2026
Artigo e Nota Técnica de Divulgação

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Nota pública do
NetLab UFRJ sobre os esclarecimentos da Meta

Meta lucra com anúncios irregulares promovidos por redes coordenadas para influenciar as eleições no Brasil
Highlights
Campagne Présidentielle au Brésil : Lula, le fol espoir d’une victoire
Liberátion - 22 de outubro de 2026 Le Brésil compte parmi les pays ayant le plus d’utilisateurs sur les réseaux sociaux. « Beaucoup de gens s’informent sur les plateformes en ligne, devenues le principal terrain de bataille pour conquérir les électeurs », explique Débora Salles, chercheuse au centre d’études sur le numérique de l’université de Rio de Janeiro. C’est surtout vrai pour Lula, toujours distancé dans les sondages. À près de 81 ans, le chef de l’État, qui met un poi
Contributions by Sleeping Giants Brasil and Netlab UFRJ to the regulation of Decree 12.975/2026
In June 2026, the Federal Supreme Court (STF) rendered final decisions on General Repercussion Issues 987 and 533, which had, respectively, Extraordinary Appeals No. 1,037,396/SP and No. 1,057,258/MG as their leading cases. As a result of these rulings in concentrated constitutional review proceedings, the interpretation of Internet regulations in Brazil was updated, notably with regard to the Brazilian Civil Framework for the Internet (Law No. 12,965, of April 23, 2014) and
Big Tech Observatory: Reports on the Second Round of the 2026 Elections
NetLab UFRJ monitored the main social media platforms in real time during the election campaign blackout period, from 48 hours before to 24 hours after the second-round election. These reports organize the findings into a format that is easy for the general public, journalists, researchers, official agencies, and other stakeholders involved in monitoring the 2026 elections to consume and understand. The monitoring is divided into two areas of focus: the Political Advertising
Technical Note: In violation of a TSE resolution, YouTube recommends videos of candidates to voters
Recommendation systems on digital platforms select and organize the content presented to users, influencing which videos, profiles, and channels gain visibility. In the electoral context, this form of content curation is particularly relevant, as it can help determine which candidates gain visibility and influence voters’ exposure to political and electoral content that they did not necessarily seek out. In Brazil, this issue was incorporated more explicitly into electoral re
The Price of Election Ads on Meta for the 2026 Elections
NetLab UFRJ, in collaboration with the International Panel on the Information Environment (IPIE), published the article “Ads Without Accountability: Auditing Social Media Transparency in Brazil’s 2026 Election.” In it, we examine whether Meta’s public ad repository allows anyone outside the company to verify how much campaigns paid, who advertised, and when the ads ran during the 2026 Brazilian presidential election. The study argues that, due to Meta’s lack of transparency,
NetLab director participates in a CGI.br meeting at the Internet Forum in Brazil
Last Sunday (May 25), Marie Santini, director of the Laboratory for Internet and Social Media Studies at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (NetLab UFRJ), participated in an in-person meeting of the Content and Cultural Goods Chamber of the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (CGI.br), held in Belém, Pará. The meeting was part of "Day Zero" of the 16th edition of the Internet Forum in Brazil (FIB16)—an event that, over the course of five days, brought together represe
Meta profits from fraudulent ads promoted by coordinated networks to influence the elections in Brazil
In this report, prepared as part of the Big Tech Observatory—which aims to verify whether major digital platforms are fulfilling their duties and obligations during the 2026 general elections—NetLab UFRJ identified 1,613 political and electoral ads promoted on Meta’s platforms from abroad and by actors not authorized to run electoral advertising in Brazil. The pages responsible for these ads were located predominantly in the United States, but also in Italy, Mexico, Banglades
Big Tech Observatory: Reports on the First Round of the 2026 Elections
NetLab UFRJ monitored the main social media platforms in real time during the election campaign blackout period, from 48 hours before to 24 hours after the election. These reports organize the findings into a format that is easy for the general public, journalists, researchers, official agencies, and other stakeholders involved in monitoring the 2026 elections to access and understand. The monitoring is divided into two areas of focus: the Political Advertising Observatory mo
Institutional Distrust as a Political Strategy: Attacks on Institutions and Electoral Integrity in Meta’s Political Advertising
During the first month of the election campaign, between August 16 and September 16, NetLab UFRJ collected and analyzed 6,757 ads run on Meta platforms to map content discussing the electoral process, the institutions responsible for conducting it, and their representatives. Some of the ads identified are not categorized as political by Meta, which prevents access to reach and targeting data for these ads. This shortcoming compromises compliance with electoral transparency ru
Destaques
Campagne Présidentielle au Brésil : Lula, le fol espoir d’une victoire
Liberátion - 22 de outubro de 2026 Le Brésil compte parmi les pays ayant le plus d’utilisateurs sur les réseaux sociaux. « Beaucoup de gens s’informent sur les plateformes en ligne, devenues le principal terrain de bataille pour conquérir les électeurs », explique Débora Salles, chercheuse au centre d’études sur le numérique de l’université de Rio de Janeiro. C’est surtout vrai pour Lula, toujours distancé dans les sondages. À près de 81 ans, le chef de l’État, qui met un poi
Contributions by Sleeping Giants Brasil and Netlab UFRJ to the regulation of Decree 12.975/2026
In June 2026, the Federal Supreme Court (STF) rendered final decisions on General Repercussion Issues 987 and 533, which had, respectively, Extraordinary Appeals No. 1,037,396/SP and No. 1,057,258/MG as their leading cases. As a result of these rulings in concentrated constitutional review proceedings, the interpretation of Internet regulations in Brazil was updated, notably with regard to the Brazilian Civil Framework for the Internet (Law No. 12,965, of April 23, 2014) and
Big Tech Observatory: Reports on the Second Round of the 2026 Elections
NetLab UFRJ monitored the main social media platforms in real time during the election campaign blackout period, from 48 hours before to 24 hours after the second-round election. These reports organize the findings into a format that is easy for the general public, journalists, researchers, official agencies, and other stakeholders involved in monitoring the 2026 elections to consume and understand. The monitoring is divided into two areas of focus: the Political Advertising
Technical Note: In violation of a TSE resolution, YouTube recommends videos of candidates to voters
Recommendation systems on digital platforms select and organize the content presented to users, influencing which videos, profiles, and channels gain visibility. In the electoral context, this form of content curation is particularly relevant, as it can help determine which candidates gain visibility and influence voters’ exposure to political and electoral content that they did not necessarily seek out. In Brazil, this issue was incorporated more explicitly into electoral re
The Price of Election Ads on Meta for the 2026 Elections
NetLab UFRJ, in collaboration with the International Panel on the Information Environment (IPIE), published the article “Ads Without Accountability: Auditing Social Media Transparency in Brazil’s 2026 Election.” In it, we examine whether Meta’s public ad repository allows anyone outside the company to verify how much campaigns paid, who advertised, and when the ads ran during the 2026 Brazilian presidential election. The study argues that, due to Meta’s lack of transparency,
NetLab director participates in a CGI.br meeting at the Internet Forum in Brazil
Last Sunday (May 25), Marie Santini, director of the Laboratory for Internet and Social Media Studies at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (NetLab UFRJ), participated in an in-person meeting of the Content and Cultural Goods Chamber of the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (CGI.br), held in Belém, Pará. The meeting was part of "Day Zero" of the 16th edition of the Internet Forum in Brazil (FIB16)—an event that, over the course of five days, brought together represe
Meta profits from fraudulent ads promoted by coordinated networks to influence the elections in Brazil
In this report, prepared as part of the Big Tech Observatory—which aims to verify whether major digital platforms are fulfilling their duties and obligations during the 2026 general elections—NetLab UFRJ identified 1,613 political and electoral ads promoted on Meta’s platforms from abroad and by actors not authorized to run electoral advertising in Brazil. The pages responsible for these ads were located predominantly in the United States, but also in Italy, Mexico, Banglades
Big Tech Observatory: Reports on the First Round of the 2026 Elections
NetLab UFRJ monitored the main social media platforms in real time during the election campaign blackout period, from 48 hours before to 24 hours after the election. These reports organize the findings into a format that is easy for the general public, journalists, researchers, official agencies, and other stakeholders involved in monitoring the 2026 elections to access and understand. The monitoring is divided into two areas of focus: the Political Advertising Observatory mo
Institutional Distrust as a Political Strategy: Attacks on Institutions and Electoral Integrity in Meta’s Political Advertising
During the first month of the election campaign, between August 16 and September 16, NetLab UFRJ collected and analyzed 6,757 ads run on Meta platforms to map content discussing the electoral process, the institutions responsible for conducting it, and their representatives. Some of the ads identified are not categorized as political by Meta, which prevents access to reach and targeting data for these ads. This shortcoming compromises compliance with electoral transparency ru
Destaques
Campagne Présidentielle au Brésil : Lula, le fol espoir d’une victoire
Liberátion - 22 de outubro de 2026 Le Brésil compte parmi les pays ayant le plus d’utilisateurs sur les réseaux sociaux. « Beaucoup de gens s’informent sur les plateformes en ligne, devenues le principal terrain de bataille pour conquérir les électeurs », explique Débora Salles, chercheuse au centre d’études sur le numérique de l’université de Rio de Janeiro. C’est surtout vrai pour Lula, toujours distancé dans les sondages. À près de 81 ans, le chef de l’État, qui met un poi
Contributions by Sleeping Giants Brasil and Netlab UFRJ to the regulation of Decree 12.975/2026
In June 2026, the Federal Supreme Court (STF) rendered final decisions on General Repercussion Issues 987 and 533, which had, respectively, Extraordinary Appeals No. 1,037,396/SP and No. 1,057,258/MG as their leading cases. As a result of these rulings in concentrated constitutional review proceedings, the interpretation of Internet regulations in Brazil was updated, notably with regard to the Brazilian Civil Framework for the Internet (Law No. 12,965, of April 23, 2014) and
Big Tech Observatory: Reports on the Second Round of the 2026 Elections
NetLab UFRJ monitored the main social media platforms in real time during the election campaign blackout period, from 48 hours before to 24 hours after the second-round election. These reports organize the findings into a format that is easy for the general public, journalists, researchers, official agencies, and other stakeholders involved in monitoring the 2026 elections to consume and understand. The monitoring is divided into two areas of focus: the Political Advertising
Technical Note: In violation of a TSE resolution, YouTube recommends videos of candidates to voters
Recommendation systems on digital platforms select and organize the content presented to users, influencing which videos, profiles, and channels gain visibility. In the electoral context, this form of content curation is particularly relevant, as it can help determine which candidates gain visibility and influence voters’ exposure to political and electoral content that they did not necessarily seek out. In Brazil, this issue was incorporated more explicitly into electoral re
The Price of Election Ads on Meta for the 2026 Elections
NetLab UFRJ, in collaboration with the International Panel on the Information Environment (IPIE), published the article “Ads Without Accountability: Auditing Social Media Transparency in Brazil’s 2026 Election.” In it, we examine whether Meta’s public ad repository allows anyone outside the company to verify how much campaigns paid, who advertised, and when the ads ran during the 2026 Brazilian presidential election. The study argues that, due to Meta’s lack of transparency,
NetLab director participates in a CGI.br meeting at the Internet Forum in Brazil
Last Sunday (May 25), Marie Santini, director of the Laboratory for Internet and Social Media Studies at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (NetLab UFRJ), participated in an in-person meeting of the Content and Cultural Goods Chamber of the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (CGI.br), held in Belém, Pará. The meeting was part of "Day Zero" of the 16th edition of the Internet Forum in Brazil (FIB16)—an event that, over the course of five days, brought together represe
Meta profits from fraudulent ads promoted by coordinated networks to influence the elections in Brazil
In this report, prepared as part of the Big Tech Observatory—which aims to verify whether major digital platforms are fulfilling their duties and obligations during the 2026 general elections—NetLab UFRJ identified 1,613 political and electoral ads promoted on Meta’s platforms from abroad and by actors not authorized to run electoral advertising in Brazil. The pages responsible for these ads were located predominantly in the United States, but also in Italy, Mexico, Banglades
Big Tech Observatory: Reports on the First Round of the 2026 Elections
NetLab UFRJ monitored the main social media platforms in real time during the election campaign blackout period, from 48 hours before to 24 hours after the election. These reports organize the findings into a format that is easy for the general public, journalists, researchers, official agencies, and other stakeholders involved in monitoring the 2026 elections to access and understand. The monitoring is divided into two areas of focus: the Political Advertising Observatory mo
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